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Complete the royal advisor's official decrees for King Reginald's upcoming banquet.
His Majesty insists that every guest _________________________ a spectacularly silly hat during the feast, regardless of their noble rank. It is also my strong recommendation that the court jester _________________________ given a raise, lest we face another tragic pie-throwing incident.

The correct answers are wear and be.

After verbs of requesting/insisting (like insist) and nouns of suggestion (like recommendation), the following that-clause requires the subjunctive mood.

Even though "every guest" is a third-person singular subject, we drop the "-s" and use the base form wear. Similarly, we use the base form be instead of the indicative is, even for a singular subject like "the court jester".

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Subjunctive mood

  • If I were you… — past subjunctive (not was)
  • I suggest that he go. — present subjunctive (not goes)
  • It's important that she be present. — present subjunctive
  • If I was you… — common in speech, avoided in formal writing

The subjunctive uses bare-infinitive forms (go, be) after verbs of demand/suggestion, and were (not was) in unreal/hypothetical conditions. Two contexts: that-clauses (I insist that he leave) and if-clauses (If she were here).

Rule: after suggest/recommend/demand/insist that… → use base form. In if + unreal condition → use were for all persons.

Verb mood

  • Indicative: She goes every day. — stating fact
  • Imperative: Go now. — giving command
  • Subjunctive: I suggest she go. — hypothetical/recommendation
  • Conditional: She would go if asked. — dependent on condition

Verb mood marks the speaker's attitude: indicative (fact), imperative (command), subjunctive (unreal/recommended), conditional (would/could). English barely marks mood morphologically — mostly through auxiliaries and word order.

Rule: stating a fact? → indicative. Giving a command? → imperative. Imagining/recommending? → subjunctive or conditional. The mood determines which verb forms and auxiliaries you use.

Verb

  • walk → walk / walks / walked / walked / walking (5 forms, regular)
  • go → go / goes / went / gone / going (5 forms, irregular)
  • be → am/is/are/was/were/be/being/been (8 forms)
  • can → can / could (modal: only 2 forms, no -s, no -ing)

A verb is the one word class every English sentence requires. Carries tense (when), aspect (duration), mood (attitude), and voice (active/passive). Regular verbs add -ed; ~200 irregular verbs have unpredictable past forms.

Key insight: fix your verbs and most grammar problems disappear. Wrong tense, wrong agreement, wrong form — verb errors account for the majority of grammatical mistakes.

Clause

  • I missed the bus. — ✅ independent clause (stands alone)
  • Because I overslept. — ❌ fragment (dependent clause, can't stand alone)
  • Because I overslept, I missed the bus. — ✅ dependent + independent = complete sentence
  • I missed the bus, and I was late. — ✅ two independent clauses joined by and

A clause is a unit built around a verb with a subject. Independent = can stand alone. Dependent = needs an independent clause to complete it.

Test: does the group of words have a subject + verb AND can it be a sentence on its own? Yes → independent clause. Has a subject + verb but feels incomplete → dependent clause.

C1 | Advanced

  • Not only did she finish early, but she also helped others. — inversion for emphasis
  • It is the process that matters, not the result. — cleft sentence
  • I insist that he be present. — formal subjunctive
  • Were I to disagree, I would say so. — inverted conditional

These are C1 structures — the CEFR advanced level. At C1 you control inversion, cleft sentences, subjunctive forms, and register-switching fluently across formal and informal contexts.

Marker: if you can restructure a sentence for rhetorical effect without hesitation, you're C1.

Hard

  • Had she not intervened, the situation would have escalated. — inverted conditional
  • All distractors are grammatically plausible in other contexts
  • Multiple rules interact (e.g., tense + aspect + modality)
  • Context determines the answer — no single "rule" is enough

Hard marks upper-intermediate to advanced challenges: B2+, interacting rules, edge cases, plausible distractors, and contexts where pattern-matching fails.

Use "Hard" when Easy/Medium feel trivial and you want to test whether you actually understand a rule versus just recognising surface patterns.