Participle Clauses: Shortening Sentences with -ing and Having + Past Participle

You're describing a tricky moment during a study session. Select ALL the correct ways to rewrite this sentence using a **negative participle clause**:

**Original:** "Because he didn't know the formula, he made an educated guess on the test."

- [x] Not knowing the formula, he made an educated guess on the test.
- [ ] Not known the formula, he made an educated guess on the test.
- [ ] Knowing not the formula, he made an educated guess on the test.
- [x] Not having memorized the formula, he made an educated guess on the test.

---
The correct answers are **Not knowing the formula, he made an educated guess on the test** and **Not having memorized the formula, he made an educated guess on the test**.
>For negative participle clauses, place **"Not"** before the -ing form: *Not knowing…* or *Not having + past participle*. "Not known" is incorrect (wrong form), and "Knowing not" is ungrammatical word order in English.
